After a period of negative market sentiment about synthetic replication caused by the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers, which was the starting point of the financial crisis in 2008, investors seem to have returned to this replication method. As a consequence, we see a higher launching activity of the ETF promoter in Europe when it comes to these kind of ETFs. Generally speaking, there are two ways how an ETF can replicate its underlying index. The first is the so-called physical replication, where the ETF holds the actual securities in its portfolio. The second is the so-called synthetic replication where the

Up until 2011, synthetic index replication was widely used in the European ETF industry and investors appreciated the low tracking errors and, in some cases, higher performances of these products compared to ETFs which used so-called physical replication. But in the aftermath of the financial crisis and the euro crisis, critics argued that ETFs that use a swap to replicate their underlying indices add another layer of risk to their portfolio. With the developments during the financial crisis in mind, investors started to divest from synthetic ETFs and invested in physical ETFs which replicate their index by either holding all